annotated bibliography

Brianna Austin

Katelin Keenan

David Feduniue

Annotated Bibliography

1^st source

-www.nytimes.com

-A New York Times article about how AT&T’s corporation had sweet victories last year (1994)-

a multibillion dollar agreement with the Bell Atlantic corporation to build an interactive video

network that will reach eight million names–is about to go sour.

2^nd source

-www.fcc.gov.com

-The Bell Atlantic had no changes during the period of 1990. Bell Atlantic corporation was

holding company for seven operating companies with the story.

3^rd source

-www.scripophily.net

-Beautifully engraved uncancelled certificate from the Bell Atlantic Corporation issued no later

than 1991. This historic document was printed by the American Banknote Company and has a

vignette of Alexander Graham Bell. This item has the printed signatures of the Company’s

Chairman of the Board and Treasurer and is over 18 years old.

4^th source

-www.highbeam.com/doc/

-commercial paper rating reflects the very high credit quality of the operating telephone

subsidiaries of Bell Atlantic Corp., for whom BANFC will satisfy working capital requirements.

While the commercial paper is not explicitly guaranteed by Bell Atlantic Corp. or any of its subsidiaries, the commercial paper is, in effect, backed by the assets and earnings of the

operating telephone companies,".

5^th source

-www.zdnet.co.uk/tsearch/bellatlantic.htm

-Last quarter, Bell Atlantic, which later became Verizon, said glitches, customer service and

other internal problems caused it to miss its DSL subscriber projections. The telecommunication formed

through the merger of Bell Atlantic and GTE was also announced

6^th source

"A Brief History: Origins." A Brief History: Origins. Hosted by AT&T and powered by AT&T ICDS. Web. 21 Nov. 2009. .

In this website they gave a brief history of the origins of AT&T. They stated how the invention of the telephone and how it was created.It was created by uniting small companies and standardizing technology.

7^th source

"Article: Reins for Baby Bells: let Ma Bell's offspring roam free, but not to become baby-bullies." Article: Reins for Baby Bells: let Ma Bell's offspring roam free, but not to become baby-bullies. HighBeam? Research, 7 Apr. 1990. Web. 22 Oct. 2009. . This article is giving a brief summary about how the trust busters broke up ma bell and AT&T are no longer able to control the telecoms equipment company and try to keep the competitors away from the price cutting lond distance calling.

8^th source

"The History of AT&T." The History of AT&T. AT&T and powered by AT&T ICDS. Web. 22 Oct. 2009. . This article gives a brief summary of how they became they became the global networking leader.How they became this is Alexander invented the bell system and they split up into 8 companies in 1984 by an agreement from AT&T and the U.S department of justice.After that wasn't working to well they made AT&T the main telephone company.This article didn't post any negative things so this means i have to some more research.

9^th source

Brown, Charles L. "Bell System History - The Bell System." Bell System History - The Bell System. AT&T: The Porticus Center, 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2009. . This article gives a brief summary about the history of how the the Bell Atlantic Company was changed from all different telephone companies were were people cant make calls all over the world. So they made it one company which is called At&t. This site doesn't post any negative things about their history. By them not doing that i have to do more research.

10^th source

www.oyez.com

Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly. The district court. 2008. Print.In this court case Bell Atlantic vs.Twombly. the reason for this case is because they agreed to branch out into and compete in other people territories.

11^th source

"The Bell System technical journal." The Bell System technical journal. Www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Prelinger Library, 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. .this is the bell system technical journal it is a very good and reliable source for my topic bell atlantic.

12^th source

"Bell system." Wikipedia. 19 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2009. .this is a article about my topic bell Atlantic from Wikipedia so its not the most reliable source but it was great place for me to start.

13^th source

"Ma bells retirement." Reason.com. James L. Gattuso, 18 Feb. 2005. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. .This source talked about bell atlantic and the mega merger in which the linked americans together from coast to coast.

14^th source

Maddi, Salvatore R., and Deborah M. Khoshaba. "Google book." Google books. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. .this book is called the bell illinois project it is written by salvatore m. khoshaba and salvatore r. maddi it was very halpfull with learning more about my topic.

15^th source

"What killed ma bell?" Www.porticus.org. Reprinted with permission from The Freeman, a publication of The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc, Apr. 1984. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. .This article is about the break up of ma bell and why the broke up in the end this source was instrumental in my understanding of my topic.

NHD Primary Source

Primary Source

Facts of case:

http://oyez.com

William Twombly and other consumers brought a class action lawsuit against Bell Atlantic Corp. and other telecommunications companies. Twombly alleged that the companies had violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act by conspiring to end competition among themselves and to stifle new competition. In the suit, Twombly claimed that the companies had agreed not to branch out into and compete in one another's territories, even though the Telecommunications Act of 1996 might have made it relatively inexpensive to do so.

The District Court granted Bell Atlantic's motion to dismiss the suit, however, because Twombly had failed to "allege sufficient facts from which a conspiracy can be inferred." In order to sufficiently claim a Section 1 violation, the court held, the plaintiffs needed to establish a "plus factor" - a piece of evidence showing that the defendants' behavior would be against their economic self-interest unless there was a conspiratorial agreement. Twombly had not established a plus factor, the court held, because the companies' defensive behavior could have been motivated by economic factors rather than conspiracy.

Twombly appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which reversed the lower court. The Second Circuit ruled that Twombly needed only to allege a conspiracy and specific facts that would support a Section 1 violation. Since he had alleged that the companies had engaged in suspicious "parallel conduct" and conspired to preserve monopoly conditions, his claim was sufficient and the suit could proceed.

Conclusion:

No. The Court ruled 7-2 that a plaintiff claiming a Section 1 violation must also allege facts that, if true, would suggest a conspiratorial agreement. The opinion by Justice David Souter held that "Without more, parallel conduct does not suggest conspiracy [...]" and "A statement of parallel conduct [...] needs some setting suggesting the [conspiratorial] agreement [...]" The Court laid out a "plausibility standard" for the pleading stage of Section 1 suits. Claims are valid only if they allege facts that plausibly suggest a conspiracy. To allege facts that are merely consistent with a conspiracy is not sufficient. The suggestive facts need only be alleged; a suit can go forward even if the facts are unlikely to be proven by the plaintiff. The Court held that Twombly's claim should be dismissed, because he had failed to identify any facts that suggested illegal conspiracy over the alternative: a concurrent appraisal of the economic situation by several telecomm companies. The dissenting Justices accused the majority of acting on the basis of practical concerns over "enormously expensive" antitrust lawsuits with the potential to confuse juries.

nhd source

1st source

"A Brief History: Origins." A Brief History: Origins. Hosted by AT&T and powered by AT&T ICDS. Web. 21 Nov. 2009. .

In this website they gave a brief history of the origins of AT&T. They stated how the invention of the telephone and how it was created.It was created by uniting small companies and standardizing technology.

3rd source
"Article: Reins for Baby Bells: let Ma Bell's offspring roam free, but not to become baby-bullies." Article: Reins for Baby Bells: let Ma Bell's offspring roam free, but not to become baby-bullies. HighBeam? Research, 7 Apr. 1990. Web. 22 Oct. 2009. . This article is giving a brief summary about how the trust busters broke up ma bell and AT&T are no longer able to control the telecoms equipment company and try to keep the competitors away from the price cutting lond distance calling.

2nd source

"The History of AT&T." The History of AT&T. AT&T and powered by AT&T ICDS. Web. 22 Oct. 2009. . This article gives a brief summary of how they became they became the global networking leader.How they became this is Alexander invented the bell system and they split up into 8 companies in 1984 by an agreement from AT&T and the U.S department of justice.After that wasn't working to well they made AT&T the main telephone company.This article didn't post any negative things so this means i have to some more reseearch.

1st source

Works Cited
Brown, Charles L. "Bell System History - The Bell System." Bell System History - The Bell System. AT&T: The Porticus Center, 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2009. . This article gives a brief summary about the history of how the the Bell Atlantic Company was changed from all different telephone companies were were people cant make calls all over the world.So they made it one company which is called At&t. This site doesn't post any negative things about their history. By them not doing that i have to do more research.

The innovation the first telephone company of the first telephone is called the Bell Atlantic. The company fulfilled buying up all the companies all over the world and made it up to on big one. The company had this big telephone device and it wouldn't let call all over the world. How it change the society it made like couple companies such as AT&T, Sprint and etc. that is cooperated with the Bell Atlantic.Now the society is able to call all over. The information i have gotten this from the website http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html.